\documentstyle{article} \setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.2in} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.2in} \setlength{\textwidth}{6.0in} \setlength{\topmargin}{0.2in} \setlength{\textheight}{9.0in} \setlength{\headheight}{0in} \setlength{\headsep}{0in} \setlength{\topsep}{0in} \setlength{\itemsep}{0in} \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.1} \parskip=0.080in \parindent=0pt \newcommand{\vs}{\\ \vspace{.1in}} \newcommand{\ca}{\center \bf \Large} \newcommand{\cb}{\center \bf \large} \newcommand{\cc}{\bf \large} \newcommand{\cn}{\center} \newcommand{\bs}{$\setminus$} \begin{document} \thispagestyle{empty} \vspace{3in} \begin{center} {\Huge \bf Graduate School of Management \vs} {\Huge \bf GSM Computing \\ \vspace{1in}} {\Huge \bf The \LaTeX\ Learner v1.2b \vs} {\huge \bf By Jim Vassilakos \vs} {\Large \bf May 1990 \\ \vspace{1in}} {\large \bf University of California \vs} {\large \bf Riverside, California 92521 \vs} \newpage \setcounter{page}{1} {\Large \bf Contents \vs} \vspace{.1in} \begin{tabular}{lcccr} \hline Introduction &&&& 1 \\ The \LaTeX\ process &&&& 2 \\ \ \ \ Starting-Up &&&& 3 \\ \ \ \ WordProcessing the Document Code &&&& 3 \\ \ \ \ Compiling the Document Code &&&& 4 \\ \ \ \ Printing \& Viewing the Image &&&& 5 \\ \ \ \ Executable Summary &&&& 5 \\ A Brief Overview &&&& 6 \\ Getting to the Gritty &&&& 12 \\ \ \ \ Typing Text &&&& 13 \\ \ \ \ Tabbing, Lists \& Tabularmobiles &&&& 15 \\ \ \ \ Messing with Math &&&& 20 \\ \ \ \ Playing with Pictures &&&& 26 \\ Some Finer Points &&&& 30 \\ {\em Appendix A:} Command Summary &&&& 31 \\ {\em Appendix B:} Batch File Drivers &&&& 33 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \vspace{.2in} {\ca Introduction \vs} \end{center} \LaTeX\ is a powerful document preparation system which combines the high-quality typesetting features of Donald Knuth's \TeX\ with a set of format commands that simplify and specialize the package. Invented by Leslie Lamport of the Digital Equipment Corporation, the first version was released in 1982. Lamport describes his work: \\ \begin{center} \parbox{4in} {\em In turning \TeX\ into \LaTeX, I have tried to convert a highly-tuned racing car into a comfortable family sedan. The family sedan isn't meant to go as fast as a racing car or be as exciting to drive, but it's comfortable and gets you to the grocery store with no fuss. However, the \LaTeX\ sedan has all the power of \TeX\ hidden under its hood, and the more adventurous driver can do everything with it that he can with \TeX.} \end{center} Representing the happy median between functionality and ease of use, \LaTeX\ promises to remain at the forefront of the word-processing industry for years to come. \\ The purpose of this {\em Learner} is to serve as a buffer between the beginning student of \LaTeX\ and the more extensive user guides and reference manuals already available. Therefore, this document will begin with a short exposition on the commands which control the \LaTeX\ process on the IBM-PC, then commence with a brief overview of a few of the most simple functions of the package in order to acquaint the student with its workings, and finally culminate with a more in-depth description of the most commonly used format codes. \\ {\ca The \LaTeX\ Process \vs} The \LaTeX\ process consists of three basic steps: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{itemize} \item{Wordprocessing the document code.} \item{Compiling the document code into a printable image.} \item{Printing or viewing the image file.} \end{itemize} Because \LaTeX\ is non-interactive, you have to compile your work into an image ({\em .dvi}) file before you can tell what the end-product will look like. To simplify the commands which control the package, I've set-up a series of interrelated batch files which can {\em drive} the \LaTeX\ process. By executing these batch files, you can convert, compile, print, or view your document code. \\ I'll go through the very basics of these files and then offer a concise summary. For a more detailed description of the batch files, consult Appendix B. \\ \newpage {\cb Starting-Up \vs} When you first boot-up the computer, you can enter the \LaTeX\ work directory by typing {\em hello} at the DOS prompt. This file is important for installations of \LaTeX\ which need the append program to find data files in subsidiary directories. Considering that you probably haven't the faintest idea what I'm blabbering about, don't worry about it. Just remember that {\em hello} gets you to the place you can use \LaTeX. \\ There are two other commands you should be aware of if you have the batch files to drive them. The first is {\em ls}. I'm sort of a unix-freak these days, and I really hate trying to scan a long directory listing as the file I'm looking for scrolls off the screen. {\em ls} is a command much analogous to {\em dir} except that {\em ls} will make the computer display a directory listing in a much more compact fashion. The second command which I find useful is {\em mo} which is analogous to the {\em type} command. All {\em mo} does is list a file to the screen without the usual scrolling of text. If all this means nothing to you, I suggest you try each of the commands just to see what they do and compare them with their DOS counterparts. \\ {\cb WordProcessing the Document Code \vs} You can theoretically use just about any wordprocessor to generate a \LaTeX-able document code, but that code must be straight {\em ascii}--- no control characters allowed. PC-Write is the current favorite with most \LaTeX perts for two pretty good reasons. The first is that it's public domain (you don't have to work it into a departmental budget), and the second is that doesn't use any control characters to achieve document formats. \\ Compare a PC-Write file with a WordPerfect file. The latter may be more {\em perfect}, but there's no way you can make heads or tails of it without going into the program. With PC-Write files, you can {\em mo} them from DOS or send them over the phone-lines without worrying whether or not your modem-protocol will strip all the control-characters. In effect, {\em ascii} files are the preferred method of transport. They're what you could call the standard-by-default. For these reasons, both \TeX\ \& \LaTeX\ require that all document code be straight-{\em ascii}. \\ You can get into PC-Write by typing {\em ed filename}. To save your file and get out, use the function sequence {\em F1 F2}. Learning the rest is up to you. If, alternately, you can't stand the thought of braving a new wordprocessor, you can use WordPerfect where the conversion program is present. Remember to save any WordPerfect files with the {\em .wp} extension. \\ {\cb Compiling the Document Code \vs} \LaTeX\ only recognizes files with the extension {\em .tex} as being worthy of compilation. Thus, it is usual for users of the package to include the {\em .tex} suffix in the names of all the files they wordprocess with \LaTeX\ format commands. \\ To compile an {\em ascii} file with the {\em .tex} extension use the command {\em latex filename}. \\ If you have a WordPerfect file with the {\em .wp} extension which you want to convert into an {\em ascii} file with the {\em .tex} extension in preparation for the previously mentioned compilation, use the command {\em convert filename.wp filename.tex 1 7}. \\ When \LaTeX\ compiles the {\em .tex}, it doesn't change this file at all, but rather creates three new files with the extensions {\em .aux}, {\em .log}, \& {\em .dvi}. The first two may presently be ignored, however, the last is essential. The {\em .dvi} file is the {\em image} which \LaTeX\ creates. It is the compiled version of the {\em .tex} file which may be printed or viewed and is the final product of the document preparation effort. \\ \begin{picture}(400,85)(0,0) \put(120,35){\framebox(40,15){.tex}} \put(240,60){\framebox(40,15){.aux}} \put(240,35){\framebox(40,15){.log}} \put(240,10){\framebox(40,15){.dvi}} \put(160,42.5){\line(1,0){40}} \put(200,67.5){\vector(1,0){40}} \put(200,42.5){\vector(1,0){40}} \put(200,17.5){\vector(1,0){40}} \put(200,67.5){\line(0,-1){50}} \end{picture} Often, if there is an error in the document code, \LaTeX\ will get POed at you for giving it inferior material to play with. When this happens, you'll see the compilation interrupted by a question mark. You can ask for help by typing {\em h}. \LaTeX\ will usually tell you what line the error was on. Whether or not this has any effect, you can usually break out to DOS by typing {\em x}, and if that doesn't work, feel free to experiment with ctrl-c's and ctrl-x's which can frequently be upsetting to even the most mild-mannered programs. \\ {\cb Printing \& Viewing the Image \vs} After you get your {\em .dvi} file, you're ready to roll. To save paper, type the command {\em v filename}. This executes the PTIView package, showing you what the printout would have looked like had you chosen to print the image file. You can move around the first page by using the arrow keys. Here are some other viewer command that might be helpful. \\ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|c|l|} \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\bf PTIView Commands} \\ \hline u & Zoom-in \\ d & Zoom-out \\ i & Inverse Display \\ $\hookleftarrow$ & Page Forward \\ -- & Page Backward \\ ? & Help \\ q & Quit \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} If everything looks peachy-keen, go ahead and make a hard-copy by using the command {\em pr filename}. Assuming your printer is online, you should get something vaguely resembling what you expected. \\ {\cb Executable Summary \vs} We've gone over the basics, but in my never-ending quest to save key-strokes, I've written a few more batch files than you may find necessary. Most of these files simply combine the previous commands in various combinations while a few others explore things I haven't even talked about. Here's a rather bland summary of the whole shootin' shabang... \\ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|l|p{3in}|} \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\bf DOS Executables} \\ \hline hello & Gets you to \LaTeX\ work directory \& appends directory call-structure \\ ls & Compacted directory listing \\ mo filename & Lists a text file from DOS \\ ed filename.tex & Tells PC-Write to edit filename.tex \\ tex filename & Compiles filename.tex using \TeX \\ latex filename & Compiles filename.tex using \LaTeX \\ v filename & Views filename.dvi \\ tv filename & Compiles using \TeX\ and views image \\ lv filename & Compiles using \LaTeX\ and views image \\ clv filename & Converts filename.wp (from WordPerfect 5.0) to filename.tex (normal text), compiles filename.tex using \LaTeX, and views the image \\ pr filename & Prints filename.dvi \\ dd filename & Deletes .aux and .log files \\ ddd filename & Deletes .aux \& .log \& .dvi files \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \vspace{.5in} {\ca A Brief Overview \vs} To begin a \LaTeX able document using the ``article'' style (which is generally the most common style) with twelve point type, type the following two lines at the beginning of your {\em .tex} file. \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \documentstyle[12pt]{article} \begin{document} \end{verbatim} After we've begun the document, we can just enter a line or two of text for the package to process. \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} Here's a line or two of text. \end{verbatim} Of course, we then have to tell \LaTeX\ that we're done (sort of like saying bye before you hang--up the phone). Thus, you type: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \end{document} \end{verbatim} The output will look something like: \\ Here's a line or two of text. \\ Note that \LaTeX\ stuck the two lines together when it composed the document. This is because the carriage returns your wordprocessor uses aren't recognized by \LaTeX . If you want a carriage return, you need to add a set of backslashes to the document like so: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} Here's a line \\ or two of text. \\ \end{verbatim} Then, the output will look like: \\ Here's a line \\ or two of text. \\ If you want to center the text, type: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} {\center Here's a line \\ or two of text. \\} \end{verbatim} or, alternately: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{center} Here's a line \\ or two of text. \\ \end{center} \end{verbatim} If that's too plain for you, there's always italics, fontsize, and boldfacing to play with: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{center} Here's a {\em line} \\ or {\large two} of {\bf text}. \\ \end{center} \end{verbatim} \begin{center} Here's a {\em line} \\ or {\large two} of {\bf text}. \\ \end{center} And there are numerous other ways to achieve many {\em neato} effects. Suppose we wanted to itemize the lines: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{itemize} \item{First line} \item{Second line} \end{itemize} \end{verbatim} This would yield the output: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{itemize} \item{First line} \item{Second line} \end{itemize} Or, you could enumerate the items: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{enumerate} \item{First line} \item{Second line} \end{enumerate} \end{verbatim} Yielding the output: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{enumerate} \item{First line} \item{Second line} \end{enumerate} See? Isn't this fun? \LaTeX\ may be very handy for making lists of things, but it is even handier for making tables: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{tabular}{lcr} First Column & Second Column & Third Column \\ &&\\ These & These & These \\ Cells & Cells & Cells \\ Are & Are & Are \\ Left & Center & Right \\ Justified & Justified & Justified \\ \end{tabular} \end{verbatim} And here's our output: \\ \begin{tabular}{lcr} First Column & Second Column & Third Column \\ &&\\ These & These & These \\ Cells & Cells & Cells \\ Are & Are & Are \\ Left & Center & Right \\ Justified & Justified & Justified \\ \end{tabular} \vspace{.1in} As should be obvious, \LaTeX\ uses ampersands to separate columns in tabular mode, and the justification of each of those columns is decided in the \verb1{lcr}1 at the end of the \verb2\begin{tabular}2. Separating data into justified columns is the essence of making tables, but with \LaTeX\ we can do more than that. We can draw lines to divide the output into neatly structured boxes: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{||l|c||} \hline Robert Auerbach & Professor of Economics and Finance \\ Taradas Bandyopadhyay & Associate Professor of Economics \\ Regina Bento & Assistant Professor of Human Resource Management \\ \hline K. Hung Chan & Associate Processor of Accounting \\ Bajis Dodin & Associate Professor of Production and Management Science \\ James Dow & Assistant Professor of Economics \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{verbatim} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{||l|c||} \hline Robert Auerbach & Economics and Finance \\ Taradas Bandyopadhyay & Economics \\ Regina Bento & Human Resource Management \\ \hline K. Hung Chan & Accounting \\ Bajis Dodin & Production and Management Science \\ James Dow & Economics \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \vspace{.1in} By defining the placement of our vertical lines within the justification of our table, and by calling {\em hlines} at various intervals in order to draw horizontal lines through the table, we can make the output look both cleaner and smarter. \\ But the real power of \LaTeX\ becomes apparent when we write mathematical or statistical formulas. For this, we need to enter math-mode, and this can be done through several means, the simplist often being to simply put the equation inside of dollar-signs: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} $ 10 = 15-5 $ \\ \end{verbatim} $ 10 = 15-5 $ \\ Ho hum? Okay, watch this... \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{center} {\large $$ y=\frac{a^3+2c_{x}}{1+\sqrt{b_{x}}} $$ \\ \vspace{0.2in} $$ Q=\sum_{i=1}^{j}\int_{\mu}^{\infty}f(x_{j})dx $$ \\ \vspace{0.2in} $$ \Psi = \oint_{- \infty}^{\infty}f_{xy}({\frac{\partial Qx}{\partial Qy}})^{\Im_{\pi}^ \prime} $$ \\ } \end{center} \end{verbatim} \begin{center} {\large $$ y=\frac{a^3+2c_{x}}{1+\sqrt{b_{x}}} $$ \\ \vspace{0.2in} $$ Q=\sum_{i=1}^{j}\int_{\mu}^{\infty}f(x_{j})dx $$ \\ \vspace{0.2in} $$ \Psi = \oint_{- \infty}^{\infty}f_{xy}({\frac{\partial Qx}{\partial Qy}})^{\Im_{\pi}^ \prime} $$ \\ } \end{center} \vspace{.1in} This may look ugly right now, but with a few days of practice these equations can be child's play. The point here is not to intimidate, but rather to show you just what's possible. Let's take the first equation one more time. \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} $$ y=\frac{a^3+2c_{x}}{1+\sqrt{b_{x}}} $$ \end{verbatim} Looks strange enough. But so does Greek to those who don't know how to read it. The key here is knowing the language. Let's take the foreign pieces first. $\setminus$frac tells \LaTeX\ that we're declaring a fraction. For the statement $\setminus$frac\{{\em a}\}\{{\em b}\}, {\em a} would be in the numerator and {\em b} would be in the denominator. The pointy--hat (or carat) tells \LaTeX\ that we're going exponential with a superscript. a\^{}2 is just $a^2$. Likewise, the underscore tells \LaTeX\ that we want to declare a subscript. F\_1 can be read as $F_{1}$. Finally, $\setminus$sqrt tells the package that we want to make a square root. Or to make a simple story even simpler, $\setminus$sqrt\{2+2\} $= \sqrt{2+2} = \sqrt{4} = 2$. Getting the hang of this yet? Try reading it now that you've gotten the rudiments of the language. \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} $$ y=\frac{a^3+2c_{x}}{1+\sqrt{b_{x}}} $$ \end{verbatim} Okay... here goes. {\em y} equals the quantity of {\em a} cubed plus two times {\em c} sub {\em x} over the quantity of one plus the square root of {\em b} sub {\em x}. Or, in yet another language... \\ $$ y=\frac{a^3+2c_{x}}{1+\sqrt{b_{x}}} $$ \\ So you see, it's not all that hard. But, I'll grant you that it does get worse... much worse, and the road to mastery of this package will be long and hard, but while you're stuggling with these basics, just think about all those dinosaurs out there who are still using \TeX ! \vs Now that's consolation... \\ {\ca Getting to the Gritty \vs} So far we've just seen a very brief overview of what \LaTeX\ is capable of doing, and in each example there was the hint that much more was possible. Well, much more is possible, but it takes a little work after this, and things really begin to get complex. If you don't have some basic idea of how each of the examples above work, don't go beyond this point, because I'm about to get verbose with both the explanations and the examples. \\ The purpose of this section of the {\em Learner} is to provide a cement cushion between the previous pages you've read and the more technical material you'll no doubt find in other books after you begin to salivate over the details of the package. The point is made not for humor's sake, but rather to illustrate a future {\em you} if you turn out to be good. After you successfully amputate and cauterize these gritties, you should be able to step into the manual as if it were an old pair of sneekers. In other words, if you take some time here, it'll make things easier for you later on. \\ {\cb Typing Text \vs} Whenever you begin typing text, \LaTeX\ assumes certain things about the text you want to type, and sometimes these assumptions can be annoying. For example, \LaTeX\ always assumes that you want a paragraph margin unless you tell it otherwise. To tell \LaTeX\ that you don't want paragraph margins, use the following command: \bs parindent=0pt \\ \LaTeX\ also makes other assumptions regarding the format of your writing. In the {\em pagination} department, it likes to standardize the look of your document by putting all page numbers at bottom-center with the document beginning at page one. In order to tell \LaTeX\ that you don't want the pages to be numbered, use the command: \bs thispagestyle\{empty\}. \\ Alternately, to tell \LaTeX\ that you'd like the current page to be recognized as page 37, use the command: \bs setcounter\{page\}\{37\}. To force a page-break, use the command \bs {\em newpage}, and to force a vertical spacing of one inch, use the command \bs {\em vspace\{1in\}}. \\ Furthermore, \LaTeX\ treats a variety of commonly used symbols in a special way, and it pays to know the rules. Ten of these symbols which ought to be remembered are: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } \end{verbatim} All of these except the tilde, the carat, and the backslash are easy to reproduce. Just stick a backslash before the character to get \LaTeX\ to recognize it for what it is. ``\verb1The King \& I1'' becomes ``The King \& I.'' \\ \LaTeX\ is also picky when it comes to taking its dashes. Suppose you want to hyphenate a word. Here you'd use one dash. ``\verb1X-ray1'' becomes ``X-ray.'' On the other hand, you may want to specify a range of numbers. ``\verb139--401'' becomes ``39--40.'' Suppose you want to use a dash for punctuation in a sentence. ``\verb1To be---or not to be1'' becomes ``To be---or not to be.'' So depending on how many dashes you stick in there, that's how long your dash is going to turn out. \\ But rather than focus on the small stuff, let's take a look at some of the stuff that \LaTeX\ really does well. One thing we can do is play like we're talking a foreign language. ``\verb1M\"{o}\~{n}\c{c}\u{\ae}\^r\'i\t{ss}\`i1'' would be displayed as ``M\"{o}\~{n}\c{c}\u{\ae}\^r\'i\t{ss}\`i,'' and I hear that it is very nice there this time of year. \\ Here's a quick-reference table to help you remember what's hot and what's not as far as making strange accents \& symbols. \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|cc|cc|cc|cc|} \hline \verb1\`{o}1 & \`{o} & \verb1\'{o}1 & \'{o} & \verb1\^{o}1 & \^{o} & \verb1\"{o}1 & \"{o} \\ \verb1\~{o}1 & \~{o} & \verb1\={o}1 & \={o} & \verb1\.{o}1 & \.{o} & \verb1\u{o}1 & \u{o} \\ \verb1\v{o}1 & \v{o} & \verb1\H{o}1 & \H{o} & \verb1\b{o}1 & \b{o} & \verb1\c{o}1 & \c{o} \\ \hline \verb1\d{o}1 & \d{o} & \verb1\t{oo}1 & \t{oo} & \verb1\oe1 & \oe & \verb1\OE1 & \OE \\ \verb1\aa1 & \aa & \verb1\AA1 & \AA & \verb1\ae1 & \ae & \verb1\AE1 & \AE \\ \verb1\o1 & \o & \verb1\O1 & \O & \verb1\l1 & \l & \verb1\L1 & \L \\ \hline \verb1\ss1 & \ss & \verb1\copyright1 & \copyright & \verb1?`1 & ?` & \verb1!`1 & !` \\ \verb1\dag1 & \dag & \verb1\ddag1 & \ddag & \verb1\S1 & \S & \verb1\P1 & \P \\ \verb1\pounds1 & \pounds & & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \vspace{0.2in} Furthermore, \LaTeX\ is an accomplished handler of many sizes of text. We've already seen how ``\verb1{\large large}1'' makes the word {\large ``large''} appear large, but there are other sizes as well. We can make text range in size from {\tiny tiny} to {\small small} to {\large large} to {\Large Large} to {\huge huge} to {\Huge Huge}. \\ There are also different fonts or styles of text which \LaTeX\ can recognize. For example, we've already seen how \{\bs em emphasized text\} churns-out {\em emphasized text} and how \{\bs bf boldface\} yields {\bf boldface}. Well, we can fool around with other types of text as well. For example, \{\bs sf sans serif\} gets you the {\sf sans serif} typestyle. There is also \{\bs sl slanted\} type for {\sl slanted people}, \{\bs it italic\} type for those you you who care about the miniscule difference between {\it italic} \& {\em emphasized} text, \{\bs sc small caps\} type for those of you who like {\sc small capital letters}, and there's \{\bs tt typewriter type\} for the {\tt real dinosaurs} out there who can't stand the thought of using a {\tt real computer}. To top it all off, however, we have our favorite of favorites, which is, of course, the \{\bs rm roman\} font or the one we are using by {\rm default}. To demonstrate how you might use this font declaration, \{\bs it just imagine sticking \{\bs rm roman text\} into the midst of italics\} or to put it a similar way... {\it just imagine sticking {\rm roman text} into the middle of italics}. So now you see how different fonts can be nested, one within another. \\ Here's a concise list of our available fonts: \\ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|c|l|} \hline Command & Font \\ \hline \bs em & {\em emphasized} \\ \bs bf & {\bf boldface} \\ \bs it & {\it italic} \\ \bs sl & {\sl slanted} \\ \bs sc & {\sc smallcaps} \\ \bs tt & {\tt typewriter} \\ \bs sf & {\sf sans serif} \\ \bs rm & {\rm roman} \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} We can also \underline{underline text} through the command \bs underline\{text to be underlined goes inside these curly-braces\}. In a way, it's just like using another font. We'll do more of this later... but for now let's move on to some bigger and better things. \\ {\cb Tabbing, Lists, \& Tabularmobiles \vs} There often arises the rather unenviable situation where tabbing, lists, and tables become the communication means of choice. Afterall, you can generally say a lot more far fewer words when you condense your ideas into readily accessible bursts of information. This the whole idea behind this section of the {\em Learner}. All these topics, through related and often inter-substitutable, are each handled differently by \LaTeX. Let's go through the basics of each, one by one, learning by example. \\ \begin{tabbing} When we tab a line of text, \=all we are really doing is \\ \>indenting to a point in a previous line. \\ \end{tabbing} Here's the {\em ascii} behind that last paragraph: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{tabbing} When we tab a line of text, \=all we are really doing is \\ \>indenting to a point in a previous line. \\ \end{tabbing} \end{verbatim} As you can see, once you are in the {\em tabbing} environment the \bs = sets the tab on the first line while the \bs $>$ goes to that tab on the second. We can also extend the example. \\ \begin{tabbing} Oftentimes \=one tab makes less sense than \=two tabs. \\ \>a single \>a double \\ \end{tabbing} To show what we did: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{tabbing} Oftentimes \=one tab makes less sense than \=two tabs. \\ \>a single \>a double \\ \end{tabbing} \end{verbatim} So you see how we can extend the concept to include multiple tabs within a single line. In this way, it should be easy to see how we can make lists and tables of text, however, \LaTeX\ likes to be specialized in many things. Thus, we have other ways of making lists and tables. You've seen a little bit of both in the preceeding pages. Let's review lists. \\ \begin{itemize} \item{Lists are a lot of fun.} \item{They are even more fun than tabbing.} \begin{enumerate} \item{Though tabbing is also fun.} \item{Making lists is fun for the {\em nesting} quality.} \end{enumerate} \item{They are even almost as fun as going tabular.} \end{itemize} \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{itemize} \item{Lists are a lot of fun.} \item{They are even more fun than tabbing.} \begin{enumerate} \item{Though tabbing is also fun.} \item{Making lists is fun for the {\em nesting} quality.} \end{enumerate} \item{They are even almost as fun as going tabular.} \end{itemize} \end{verbatim} In the above example, you see how lists may be fabricated and nested which takes us one step beyond our previous learning. But the question still remains, are dots and Arabic numbering all we can do? The answer, of course, is no; we can do much more. \\ \begin{description} \item[itemize] This just sets us up to get a bunch of dots at the beginning of each item. \item[enumerate] This yanks out the numbers for our lists. \item[description] This lets us put some sort of descriptor as a header to each list item. \end{description} \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{description} \item[itemize] This just sets us up to get a bunch of dots at the beginning of each item. \item[enumerate] This yanks out the numbers for our lists. \item[description] This lets us put some sort of descriptor as a header to each list item. \end{description} \end{verbatim} Here we see a completely new way to list: by {\em description}. Of course, there's much more we can do with lists, but for the sake of expediancy, let's leave that as a battle between you and the manual. \\ The last major way we have of turbo-charging our data is through the {\em tabularmobile}. We've already seen how tables can be set up. If you don't remember, now's the time to go back and review. Tables are made in a series of steps. First, we declare the justification of the columns and the vertical lines which separate those columns. Then we enter the data row by row, separating each column by the ampersand (\&). Between these rows we can declare horizontal lines, and we can make them either partial or complete. Let's give it a shot to bring all this abstract rambling into the realm of example. \\ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|lr|ccc|} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Human Slave} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Client} \\ \hline Ralph Smedley & 781-3091 & cat & Siamese & Morris \\ && dog & poodle & Spot \\ \cline{3-5} Ronnie Raygun & 405-291-9362 & bird & parrot & Polly \\ &&& duck & Donald \\ && primate & chimpanzee & Bonzo \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} One might imagine a high-class grooming \& training service for pets of the rich \& famous. To set up their clinetel records as a table, we might enter the following code. \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|lr|ccc|} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Human Slave} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Client} \\ \hline Ralph Smedley & 781-3091 & cat & Siamese & Morris \\ && dog & poodle & Spot \\ \cline{3-5} Ronnie Raygun & 405-291-9362 & bird & parrot & Polly \\ &&& duck & Donald \\ && primate & chimpanzee & Bonzo \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{verbatim} Most of this should be obvious by now. We've seen previously how the {\em hline}s and the pipes in the tabular declaration combine to outline the horizontal and vertical lines of the table. Further, the column justifications should not be new to you. But as easy as I'm making this all sound, don't panic because I have thrown some wrenchs into the works. There are at least two commands here that you've never even seen before. See if you can find them. \\ \begin{description} \item[\bs multicolumn] This command tells \LaTeX\ that we want to temporarily redefine the parameters of a given number of columns in the initial tabular declaration. In the case of our example, we use {\em multicolumn} twice, the first time substituting one column for the first two of the row and the second time substituting one column for the final three of the row. \item[\bs cline] This command just tells \LaTeX\ that we want to draw a partial horizontal line across one or several columns. In the case of our this example, we are drawing the line across columns three through five. \end{description} If you gathered all of that, this final example will be a piece of cake. \\ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|cp{3in}|} \hline Bonzo & Client insists on being breast fed by a human assistant thrice daily. Condition expected to continue through puberty. \\ Donald & Client enjoys noonday baths in the fish pond. \\ Morris & Client is very finicky about choice of digestables. Frequently coughs up large hairballs. \\ Polly & Client likes crackers. \\ Spot & Client enjoys running with Dick \& Jane. Refuses to wear a leash except on formal outings. \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} Here, we are formating our second column as a series of separate paragraphs with the usual full justification that one would expect. \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|cp{3in}|} \hline Bonzo & Client insists on being breast fed by a human assistant thrice daily. Condition expected to continue through puberty. \\ Donald & Client enjoys noonday baths in the fish pond. \\ Morris & Client is very finicky about choice of digestables. Frequently coughs up large hairballs. \\ Polly & Client likes crackers. \\ Spot & Client enjoys running with Dick \& Jane. Refuses to wear a leash except on formal outings. \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{verbatim} The whole trick here is in the {\em tabular} declaration. The \verb0p{3in}0 tells \LaTeX\ that we want the cells in the 2nd column to be formatted as three-inch wide paragraphs. Compare how we could have used the {\em description itemization} instead. The result would not have been quite the same, but similar enough that we had a choice. In this way, different \LaTeX\ commands can overlap to achieve similar effects. \\ {\cb Messing with Math \vs} It has often been remarked that as nice as \LaTeX\ makes a document look, the one field where it really shines is mathematical and statistical word-processing. Most everything else the package does can be duplicated in an interactive environment, but math has always been its forte. According to many \LaTeX perts, nothing else even comes close. \\ There are several ways to get into math-mode, but we will be dealing with just two. The first is used when you want to insert a block of math into the middle of an otherwise normal paragraph. The second is used when you want to let the math stand out on its own, letting it assume its full height rather than being {\em scrunched} down between lines of text. Here's an example of what I mean. \\ The first way $\sum_{a=1}^{10} a = 55$ makes the sum flatter. \\ The second way $$\sum_{a=1}^{10} a = 55$$ lets the sum grow a little taller. \\ To enter and exit math mode the flat way, use a single dollar-sign. To get into tall-math, use double dollars. Here's what the code for each of the above examples looks like... \\ \begin{verbatim} The first way $\sum_{a=1}^{10} a = 55$ makes the sum flatter. \\ The second way $$\sum_{a=1}^{10} a = 55$$ lets the sum grow a little taller. \\ \end{verbatim} The difference between the two modes should be pretty obvious. Sometimes we like to insert math into a paragraph at the sacrifice of readability, but other times we prefer to let the math stand alone. But another more pressing question still remains... how do we make all those funny math symbols? Here's a series of tables containing all the funny math symbols you'll ever want to shake a stick at. \\ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|cl|cl|cl|cl|} \hline \multicolumn{8}{|c|}{\bf Greek Letters} \\ \multicolumn{8}{|c|}{\em Lowercase} \\ \hline $\alpha$ & \bs alpha & $\theta$ & \bs theta & $o$ & o & $\tau$ & \bs tau \\ $\beta$ & \bs beta & $\vartheta$ & \bs vartheta & $\pi$ & \bs pi & $\upsilon$ & \bs upsilon \\ $\gamma$ & \bs gamma & $\iota$ & \bs iota & $\varpi$ & \bs varpi & $\phi$ & \bs phi \\ $\delta$ & \bs delta & $\kappa$ & \bs kappa & $\rho$ & \bs rho & $\varphi$& \bs varphi \\ $\epsilon$ & \bs epsilon & $\lambda$ & \bs lambda & $\varrho$ & \bs varrho & $\chi$ & \bs chi \\ $\varepsilon$ & \bs varepsilon & $\mu$ & \bs mu & $\sigma$ & \bs sigma & $\psi$ & \bs psi \\ $\zeta$& \bs zeta & $\nu$ & \bs nu & $\varsigma$ & \bs varsigma & $\omega$ & \bs omega \\ $\eta$ & \bs eta & $\xi$ & \bs xi & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{|c|}{\em Uppercase} \\ \hline $\Gamma$& \bs Gamma & $\Lambda$ & \bs Lambda & $\Sigma$ & \bs Sigma & $\Psi$ & \bs Psi \\ $\Delta$& \bs Delta & $\Xi$ & \bs Xi & $\Upsilon$ & \bs Upsilon & $\Omega$ & \bs Omega \\ $\Theta$& \bs Theta & $\Pi$ & \bs Pi & $\Phi$ & \bs Phi && \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \vspace{1in} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|cl|cl|cl|cl|} \hline \multicolumn{8}{|c|}{\bf Binary Operation Symbols} \\ \hline $\pm$ & \bs pm & $\cap$ & \bs cap & $\diamond$ & \bs diamond & $\oplus$ & \bs oplus \\ $\mp$ & \bs mp & $\cup$ & \bs cup & $\bigtriangleup$& \bs bigtriangleup& $\ominus$ & \bs ominus \\ $\times$ & \bs times & $\uplus$ & \bs uplus & $\bigtriangledown$ & \bs bigtriangledown & $\otimes$ & \bs otimes \\ $\div$ & \bs div & $\sqcap$ & \bs sqcap & $\triangleleft$ & \bs triangleleft & $\oslash$ & \bs oslash \\ $\ast$ & \bs ast & $\sqcup$ & \bs sqcup & $\triangleright$ & \bs triangleright & $\odot$ & \bs odot \\ $\star$ & \bs star & $\vee$ & \bs vee & $\lhd$ & \bs lhd & $\bigcirc$ & \bs bigcirc \\ $\circ$ & \bs circ & $\wedge$ & \bs wedge & $\rhd$ & \bs rhd & $\dagger$ & \bs dagger \\ $\bullet$ & \bs bullet & $\setminus$ & \bs setminus & $\unlhd$ & \bs unlhd & $\ddagger$ & \bs ddagger \\ $\cdot$ & \bs cdot & $\wr$ & \bs wr & $\unrhd$ & \bs unrhd & $\amalg$ & \bs amalg \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|cl|cl|cl|cl|} \hline \multicolumn{8}{|c|}{\bf Relation Symbols} \\ \hline $\leq$ & \bs leq & $\geq$ & \bs geq & $\equiv$ & \bs equiv & $\models$ & \bs models \\ $\prec$ & \bs prec & $\succ$ & \bs succ & $\sim$ & \bs sim & $\perp$ & \bs perp \\ $\preceq$ & \bs preceq & $\succeq$& \bs succeq& $\simeq$& \bs simeq & $\mid$ & \bs mid \\ $\ll$ & \bs ll & $\gg$ & \bs gg & $\asymp$ & \bs asymp & $\parallel$ & \bs parallel \\ $\subset$& \bs subset& $\supset$& \bs supset& $\approx$& \bs approx& $\bowtie$& \bs bowtie \\ $\subseteq$& \bs subseteq& $\supseteq$& \bs supseteq& $\cong$& \bs cong& $\Join$& \bs Join \\ $\sqsubset$& \bs sqsubset& $\sqsupset$& \bs sqsupset& $\neq$& \bs neq& $\smile$& \bs smile \\ $\sqsubseteq$& \bs sqsubseteq& $\sqsupseteq$& \bs sqsupseteq& $\doteq$& \bs doteq& $\frown$& \bs frown \\ $\in$& \bs in& $\ni$& \bs ni& $\propto$& \bs propto&&\\ $\vdash$& \bs vdash& $\dashv$& \bs dashv&&&&\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|cl|cl|cl|} \hline \multicolumn{6}{|c|}{\bf Arrow Symbols} \\ \hline $\leftarrow$ & \bs leftarrow & $\longleftarrow$ & \bs longleftarrow & $\uparrow$ & \bs uparrow \\ $\Leftarrow$ & \bs Leftarrow & $\Longleftarrow$ & \bs Longleftarrow & $\Uparrow$ & \bs Uparrow \\ $\rightarrow$ & \bs rightarrow & $\longrightarrow$& \bs longrightarrow & $\downarrow $& \bs downarrow \\ $\Rightarrow$ & \bs Rightarrow & $\Longrightarrow$& \bs Longrightarrow & $\Downarrow $& \bs Downarrow \\ $\leftrightarrow$ & \bs leftrightarrow & $\longleftrightarrow$ & \bs longleftrightarrow & $\updownarrow$ & \bs updownarrow \\ $\Leftrightarrow$ & \bs Leftrightarrow & $\Longleftrightarrow$ & \bs Longleftrightarrow & $\Updownarrow$ & \bs Updownarrow \\ $\mapsto$ & \bs mapsto & $\longmapsto$ & \bs longmapsto & $\nearrow$ & \bs nearrow \\ $\hookleftarrow$ & \bs hookleftarrow & $\hookrightarrow$ & \bs hookrightarrow & $\searrow$ & \bs searrow \\ $\leftharpoonup$ & \bs leftharpoonup & $\rightharpoonup$ & \bs leftharpoonup & $\swarrow$ & \bs swarrow \\ $\leftharpoondown$ & \bs leftharpoondown & $\rightharpoondown$ & \bs leftharpoondown & $\nwarrow$ & \bs nwarrow \\ $\rightleftharpoons$ & \bs rightleftharpoons & $\leadsto$ & \bs leadsto && \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|cl|cl|cl|cl|} \hline \multicolumn{8}{|c|}{\bf Miscellaneous Symbols} \\ \hline $\aleph$& \bs aleph& $\prime$& \bs prime& $\forall$& \bs forall& $\infty$& \bs infty \\ $\hbar$& \bs hbar& $\emptyset$& \bs emptyset& $\exists$& \bs exists& $\Box$& \bs Box \\ $\imath$& \bs imath& $\nabla$& \bs nabla& $\neg$& \bs neg& $\Diamond$& \bs Diamond \\ $\jmath$& \bs jmath& $\surd$& \bs surd& $\flat$& \bs flat& $\triangle$& \bs triangle \\ $\ell$& \bs ell& $\top$& \bs top& $\natural$& \bs natural& $\clubsuit$& \bs clubsuit \\ $\wp$& \bs wp& $\bot$& \bs bot& $\sharp$& \bs sharp& $\diamondsuit$& \bs diamondsuit \\ $\Re$& \bs Re& $\|$& \bs $\|$& $\backslash$& \bs backslash& $\heartsuit$& \bs heartsuit \\ $\Im$& \bs Im& $\angle$& \bs angle& $\partial$& \bs partial& $\spadesuit$& \bs spadesuit \\ $\mho$& \bs mho &&&&&& \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|cl|cl|cl|} \hline \multicolumn{6}{|c|}{\bf Variable-sized Symbols} \\ \hline $\sum$ & \bs sum & $\bigcap$ & \bs bigcap & $\bigodot$ & \bs bigodot \\ $\prod$ & \bs prod & $\bigcup$ & \bs bigcup & $\bigotimes$ & \bs bigotimes \\ $\coprod$ & \bs coprod & $\bigsqcup$ & \bs bigsqcup & $\bigoplus$ & \bs bigoplus \\ $\int$ & \bs int & $\bigvee$ & \bs bigvee & $\biguplus$ & \bs biguplus \\ $\oint$ & \bs oint & $\bigwedge$& \bs bigwedge && \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|cl|cl|cl|cl|} \hline \multicolumn{8}{|c|}{\bf Math Mode Accents} \\ \hline $\hat{a}$ & \bs hat$\{$a$\}$ & $\acute{a}$ & \bs acute$\{$a$\}$ & $\bar{a}$ & \bs bar$\{$a$\}$ & $\dot{a}$ & \bs dot$\{$a$\}$ \\ $\check{a}$ & \bs check$\{$a$\}$ & $\grave{a}$ & \bs grave$\{$a$\}$ & $\vec{a}$ & \bs vec$\{$a$\}$ & $\ddot{a}$ & \bs ddot$\{$a$\}$ \\ $\breve{a}$ & \bs breve$\{$a$\}$ & $\tilde{a}$ & \bs tilde$\{$a$\}$ & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|cl|cl|cl|cl|} \hline \multicolumn{8}{|c|}{\bf Delimiters} \\ \hline $\{$ & \bs $\{$ & $\}$ & \bs $\}$ & $\langle$ & \bs langle & $\rangle$ & \bs rangle \\ $\lfloor$ & \bs lfloor & $\rfloor$ & \bs rfloor & $\lceil$ & \bs lceil & $\rceil$ & \bs rceil \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|llllllll|} \hline \multicolumn{8}{|c|}{\bf Log-like Functions} \\ \hline \bs arccos & \bs cos & \bs csc & \bs exp & \bs ker & \bs limsup & \bs min & \bs sinh \\ \bs arcsin & \bs cosh & \bs deg & \bs gcd & \bs lg & \bs ln & \bs Pr & \bs sup \\ \bs arctan & \bs cot & \bs det & \bs hom & \bs lim & \bs log & \bs sec & \bs tan \\ \bs arg & \bs coth & \bs dim & \bs inf & \bs liminf & \bs max & \bs sin & \bs tanh \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} The preceeding tables should give you an uneasy feeling for the complexity of the package, but there is much more to tell. We'll just concentrate on a few of the basics that you'll have to know by running through a series of examples. Several of these you should already be familiar with. \\ To make subscripts and superscripts, we use the underscore and carat respectively. Here are a set of examples you may find useful. \\ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{llccll} $x^{2}$ & x\^{ }\{2\} &&& $x^{2}_{y}$ & x\^{ }\{2\}\_\{y\} \\ & \ &&&& \\ $x_{2}$ & x\_\{2\} &&& $x^{y^{2}}$ & x\^{ }\{y\^{ }\{2\}\} \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} Roots are also a common fact of life in most any mathematical document. To make roots we use the \bs {\em sqrt} command. \\ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{llccll} $\sqrt{x+y}$& \bs sqrt\{x+y\}&&& $\sqrt[n]{x+y}$& \bs sqrt$[$n$]$\{x+y\} \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} Fractions are also common in mathematical documents. We have two ways of making them. We can either use a forward slash, or we can alternately use the \bs {\em frac} command. \\ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{llccll} $a/b$ & a/b &&& $\frac{a}{b}$ & \bs frac \{a\}\{b\} \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} Ellipses can also be made in math mode. Several kinds are available. \\ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{llccll} $\ldots$ & \bs ldots &&& $\cdots$ & \bs cdots \\ & \ &&&& \\ $\vdots$ & \bs vdots &&& $\ddots$ & \bs ddots \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} We can also do some calligraphy on upper-case letters in math mode by using the \bs {\em cal} command. \\ \begin{center} $\cal ABC$ \ \ \ \bs cal ABC \\ \end{center} Furthermore, we can use the \bs {\em not} command to draw a {\em not-slash} though many of the math mode symbols. \\ \begin{center} $x \not< y$ \& $x \not= y \Rightarrow y \not\geq x$ \\ \ \\ \$x $\ $\bs not $< \ $ y \$ $\ $\bs \& $\ $ \$ x $\ $\bs not= $\ $ y $\ $ \bs Rightarrow $\ $ y $\ $ \bs not\bs geq $\ $ x \$ \\ \end{center} There are many other things you can do in math mode that you will probably want to do eventually, but for now we're just going over the bare-bones. The rest of the turkey's between you and the manual. \\ \newpage {\cb Playing with Pictures \vs} \LaTeX\ is also good at drawing pictures. This is another area where it really shines, making other document preparation systems look like a waste of disk-space in comparison. Unfortunately, duplicating the flexibility of the pen leads to rather complicated keyboard commands. We'll go over a few of these commands, and then I'll leave you with a few examples of what the package can do. \\ In order to get into picture mode, we need to use the \bs begin\{picture\} command, specifying the horizontal and vertical lengths of our frame in parentheses. An example might be: \bs begin\{picture\}(200,100). Here, we are setting our frame at 200 horizontal units and 100 vertical units. That's about so-big... \\ \begin{center} \begin{picture}(200,100) \put(0,0){\line(1,0){200}} \put(0,0){\line(0,1){100}} \put(200,100){\line(-1,0){200}} \put(200,100){\line(0,-1){100}} \end{picture} \end{center} Supposing that we center the frame, our picture will occupy the space shown above. Of course, the frame will be invisible, but this should give us an idea of just how big a unit is. \\ In order to draw things inside our picture frame, we use the \bs put command. Suppose we wanted to draw a line beginning at point (0,100) {\em (the upper left corner of the frame)}, and suppose we wanted this line to extend 150 units in horizontal length and descend one unit for every three units it extends to the right. We'd say: \begin{verbatim} \begin{picture}(200,100) \put(0,100){\line(3,-1){150}} \end{picture} \end{verbatim} This is what our picture would look like inside our frame: \\ \begin{center} \begin{picture}(200,100) \put(0,0){\line(1,0){200}} \put(0,0){\line(0,1){100}} \put(200,100){\line(-1,0){200}} \put(200,100){\line(0,-1){100}} \put(0,100){\line(3,-1){150}} \end{picture} \end{center} So what's going on here? Basically, we've got a \bs put command in conjunction with a \bs line command. In otherwords, we're putting a line somewhere. The line has a reference point which is (0,100) {\em (0 units along the horizontal axis and 100 units up the vertical axis, or in this case the upper-left corner of the frame)}. From this reference point the line extends 3 units to the right along the horizontal axis for each negative unit it extends up the vertical axis {\em (so the line goes right and a little bit down)}. Last, but not least, the line extends horizontally 150 units. \\ And since the frame is invisible, this is what it would really look like after we center it: \\ \begin{center} \begin{picture}(200,100) \put(0,100){\line(3,-1){150}} \end{picture} \end{center} The next question, of course, is: {\em why stop with lines?} What other objects can we \bs {\em put}? Here are a few examples of objects we can add to our picture: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \put(50,50){Some words} \put(50,25){\framebox(100,15){Some boxed words}} \put(75,75){\circle*{2.5}} \put(75,75){\vector(0,1){20}} \end{verbatim} And here's what out masterpiece looks like so far: \\ \begin{center} \begin{picture}(200,100) \put(0,100){\line(3,-1){150}} \put(50,50){Some words} \put(50,25){\framebox(100,15){Some boxed words}} \put(75,75){\circle*{2.5}} \put(75,75){\vector(0,1){20}} \end{picture} \end{center} In this example, we've shown how to add text, disks, and vectors to a picture. Let's take the \bs framebox as an example. Our command was \bs put(50,25)\{\bs framebox(100,15)\{Some boxed words\}\}. To interpret, we asked \LaTeX\ to set our reference point at (50,25), this being the south-west corner of the box. Our box would extend to the right 100 units and up 15 units, thereby enclosing our text ``Some boxed words'' within the box itself. ``Some words'' was placed the same way, but without a framebox. The reference point (50,50) still marks the south-west corner of the block of text. \\ Our \bs circle$\ast$ command shows us how to make a disk (a circle which is filled in). In this case, the command \bs put(75,75)\{\bs circle$\ast$\{2.5\}\} places a circle at the reference point (75,75), this being the center of the circle. The asterisk tells \LaTeX\ that we want the circle filled in, thus making it a disk. The diameter of the circle is set at 2.5 units. Also originating from point (75,75) is a vector {\em(or simply a line with an arrow)}. What makes this line interesting is that it is perfectly vertical with an extension of 20 units. Unless a line is perfectly vertical, its extension is given in horizontal units. Thus, we could add the command \bs put(0,0)\{\bs line(1,5)\{20\}\} to yield the following picture: \\ \begin{center} \begin{picture}(200,100) \put(0,100){\line(3,-1){150}} \put(50,50){Some words} \put(50,25){\framebox(100,15){Some boxed words}} \put(75,75){\circle*{2.5}} \put(75,75){\vector(0,1){20}} \put(0,0){\line(1,5){20}} \end{picture} \end{center} Note that our new line is not perfectly vertical. Therefore, its extension of 20 units represents only the horizontal extension, not the much greater absolute length. As you can see, these things have a tendency to get somewhat complex. The only way you'll learn this sort of stuff is through practice. If you're looking for something a little more interactive to get you started, I've recently written a program for the IBM-PC called ``quikdraw'' which is specifically designed to help the budding \LaTeX pert draw pictures for \LaTeX. \\ The following picture should serve as an example of one of the many prizes \LaTeX\ has in store for the experienced user. The figure depicts the famed IS-LM curve moving over time in an attempt to show the effect of augmented fiscal policy with fixed exchange rates and perfect capital mobility. \\ \vspace{0.4in} \begin{picture}(400,175) \put(100,50){\vector(0,1){125}} \put(100,50){\vector(1,0){200}} \put(100,100){\line(1,0){175}} \put(260,50){\line(0,1){100}} \put(90,98){\em i} \put(255,35){$Y_{f}$} \put(160,155){\line(1,-1){70}} \put(110,140){\line(1,-1){80}} \put(140,75){\line(1,1){70}} \put(200,85){\line(1,1){35}} \put(106,144){I} \put(156,159){I$'$} \put(128,63){M} \put(186,72){M$'$} \put(195,55){S} \put(235,80){S$'$} \put(213,148){L} \put(238,123){L$'$} \put(153,77.5){A} \put(187,110){B} \put(211,85){C} \put(157.5,92.5){\circle*{2.5}} \put(190,125){\circle*{2.5}} \put(215,100){\circle*{2.5}} \end{picture} Here's the code behind the picture. \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \begin{picture}(400,175) \put(100,50){\vector(0,1){125}} \put(100,50){\vector(1,0){200}} \put(100,100){\line(1,0){175}} \put(260,50){\line(0,1){100}} \put(90,98){\em i} \put(255,35){$Y_{f}$} \put(160,155){\line(1,-1){70}} \put(110,140){\line(1,-1){80}} \put(140,75){\line(1,1){70}} \put(200,85){\line(1,1){35}} \put(106,144){I} \put(156,159){I$'$} \put(128,63){M} \put(186,72){M$'$} \put(195,55){S} \put(235,80){S$'$} \put(213,148){L} \put(238,123){L$'$} \put(153,77.5){A} \put(187,110){B} \put(211,85){C} \put(157.5,92.5){\circle*{2.5}} \put(190,125){\circle*{2.5}} \put(215,100){\circle*{2.5}} \end{picture} \end{verbatim} {\ca Some Finer Points \vs} Whew... seems like we've covered a lot of ground. Well, we really haven't. If you get one thing and only one thing from this Learner, get the knowledge that \LaTeX\ is huge. There's more here than I know how to even begin to explain. \\ What we've done over the past twenty-some-odd pages was take a stab at {\em this stuff} so we could acquire some sort of beach-head from which future invasions of the material may be launched. Because I believe in active-learning, I've tried to teach through examples some of the things that I've found useful. But as much as you've learned from this Learner, there is many times that amount of knowledge waiting in future readings. In otherwords, this is not the last step in your learning. Rather, it is merely the beginning of the first. \\ \newpage However, as much as I'd rather spare the details, there are a few {\em finer points} which you'll probably find indispensable once you get working with the package. The first involves the re-definition of commands. Suppose, for example, you get tired of typing in \$\bs Gamma\_\{i\}\$ everytime you want to say $\Gamma_{i}$ equals some value. You can redefine the command as follows: \\ \vspace*{-.1in} \begin{verbatim} \newcommand{\gi}{$\Gamma_{i}$} \end{verbatim} After the \bs newcommand, \bs gi will get you $\Gamma_{i}$ so you won't have to type the whole expression. If you use the same expression several times in a single document, the \bs newcommand will prove itself a useful keystroke saver. \\ Another thing you may want to do within a {\em .tex} file is call another {\em .tex} file. In this way you can arrange graphs, tables, and mathematical proofs into separate files and only pull them together in the final compilation. To call a {\em .tex} file as input, use the command \bs input\{file\}. \LaTeX\ will attempt to include the contents of {\em file.tex} as input in the root file. \\ There are other {\em fine points} which relate more to the inner-workings of the package than to the output it produces, but I'll be nice and spare you. Afterall, if you were to learn everything here, what fun would be the manual? \\ {\em For now, goodbye \& goodluck...} \\ {\ca Appendix A: Command Summary \vs} \begin{description} \item[\$] Begin or end {\em math} environment. \item[\bs begin$\{$center$\}$] Begins {\em center} environment. \item[\bs begin$\{$description$\}$] Begins {\em description} environment. \item[\bs begin$\{$document$\}$] Begins {\em document}. \item[\bs begin$\{$enumerate$\}$] Begins {\em enumerate} environment. \item[\bs begin$\{$itemize$\}$] Begins {\em itemize} environment. \item[\bs begin$\{$picture$\}(dimensions)$] Begins {\em picture} environment. \item[\bs begin$\{$tabbing$\}$] Begins {\em tabbing} environment. \item[\bs begin$\{$tabular$\}\{alignment\}$] Begins {\em tabular} environment. \item[\bs =] Sets tab in {\em tabbing} environment. \item[\bs $>$] Goes to tab in {\em tabbing} environment. \item[\bs cline$\{range\}$] Draws a partial horizontal line within {\em tabular} environment. \item[\bs documentstyle$\{style\}$] Designates {\em documentstyle}. \item[\bs frac$\{numerator\}\{denominator\}$] Writes fraction within {\em math} environment. \item[\bs hline] Draws full horizontal line within {\em tabular} environment. \item[\bs input$\{$file$\}$] Inputs {\em file.tex} into document. \item[\bs item$\{$text$\}$] Writes item in itemize \& enumerate environment. \item[\bs multicolumn$\{$\#$\}\{realignment\}\{text\}$] Redefines column within {\em tabular} environment. \item[\bs newcommand$\{command\}\{definition\}$] Defines new command. \item[\bs newpage] Begins new page. \item[\bs put({\em reference-point})$\{\setminus object \}$] Draws {\em object} within {\em picture} environment. \item[\bs setcounter$\{$page$\}\{$\#$\}$] Sets new page number. \item[\bs sqrt$\{expression\}$] Writes square-root with {\em math} environment. \item[\bs underline$\{text\}$] Underlines text. \item[\bs vspace$\{$\#in$\}$] Creates a given vertical space. \end{description} {\ca Appendix B: Batch-file Drivers \vs} What follows is a listing of the batch files I wrote or modified for use with the \LaTeX\ package. Following each is a definition of purpose along with any problems or miscellaneous details with which the involved \LaTeX pert should be made aware. \\ {\cc hello.bat} \begin{tabbing} d: \\ cd \bs pctex\bs lawork \\ append \=d:\bs pctex;d:\bs pctex\bs texinput;d:\bs pctex\bs texfmts; \\ \>d:\bs pctex\bs texfms;d:\bs pctex\bs pixel\bs dpi300 \\ \end{tabbing} Although I credit this puppy all to myself and the writers of MS-DOS 3.3, I can't really say I understand why it had to be written in the first place. The purpose of the {\em append} command is similar to that of the {\em path} command. The latter opens-up a sort of window through which the user or a program can snag {\em .exe}, {\em .bat}, or {\em .com} files. The former snags everything else. The rub of the matter is that these commands are only meant for stupid programs (i.e. programs that aren't entirely clear about where their subsidiary files are located). \LaTeX\ is anything but stupid. If installed correctly and unmolested, {\em append} isn't needed. However, if you fool around with the files after you install them, then you might get in trouble. This is particularly true if you don't know exactly what you're doing. I didn't. Therefore, this batch file is here for those who need it. Because it doesn't access all the pixel subdirectories, re-installation for such tampered-with packages may prove necessary. \\ {\cc mo.bat \\} type \%1$|$more \\ This file is for lazy people who don't like piping the type command through more because it takes too many keystrokes. There are better ways to catch the same effect, but a batch file is one of the more simple. \\ {\cc ls.bat \\} dir/w \\ As above except this file is more for unix freaks that prefer {\em ls} to {\em dir}. Not only is it one less character to type, but it gives you the info you need is less screen space. \\ {\cc dd.bat \\} erase \%1.aux \\ erase \%1.log \\ {\cc ddd.bat \\} erase \%1.aux \\ erase \%1.log \\ erase \%1.dvi \\ These two files are not only for lazy people who like to be clean. They're also for the safety conscious. Y'see, psychologists and computer science majors alike have demonstrated that once the neural network gets some pattern fixed and the fingers begin typing keystokes without consciously being aware of what or why, you tend to lose lots of data. Just imagine typing {\em erase filename.aux} only superimposing {\.tex} as the file extension just because you're using the {\em ed'ing} that file. Suddenly you've lost three months work, and you don't even have a back-up. These sort of things happen all the time, which is why {\em dd} \& {\em ddd} are always a welcome guests in my \bs {\em pctex} directory. \\ {\cc latex.bat \\} tex \&lplain \%1 \\ This one is pretty standard. Whenever you compile with \TeX , you are accessing the {\em plain} format. \LaTeX ing a file is in effect compiling with \TeX\ but using the {\em lplain} format instead of the {\em plain}. That's all there is to it. \\ {\cc v.bat \\} ptiview \%1 -aCGA -\%2 -\%3 -\%4 -\%5 -\%6 -\%7 -\%8 -\%9 \\ This batch file executes the PTIView package assuming CGA graphics. Other valid adapter types include WYSE, EGA, EGAM, and HERC. \\ {\cc lv.bat \\} tex \&lplain \%1 \\ ptiview \%1 -aCGA -\%2 -\%3 -\%4 -\%5 -\%6 -\%7 -\%8 -\%9 \\ This batch combines the \LaTeX ing and PTIViewing functions. \\ {\cc tv.bat \\} tex \%1 \\ ptiview \%1 -aCGA -\%2 -\%3 -\%4 -\%5 -\%6 -\%7 -\%8 -\%9 \\ This batch combines the \TeX ing and PTIViewing functions. \\ {\cc clv.bat \\} convert \%1.wp \%1.tex 1 7 \\ tex \&lplain \%1 \\ ptiview \%1 -aCGA -\%2 -\%3 -\%4 -\%5 -\%6 -\%7 -\%8 -\%9 \\ This batch first converts a WordPerfect file with the .wp extension to an {\em ascii} file with the .tex extension. Then it combines the \LaTeX ing and PTIViewing functions to produce the .dvi output. Occasionally, due to bugs in the convert program which WordPerfect produces, the initial conversion may be muddled as an occasional control character filters through the process. For small documents this will generally not be a problem, but as the document increases in size, the probability of some sort of error cropping up increases. \\ {\cc pr.bat \\} ptihp \%1 -OU=LPT2 \\ This batch prints the image file assuming that output is directed to {\em LPT2}. Where the printer port changes, the designation in this file must also change. \\ \end{document}